在數字化和自動化的利潤上面所有的世界, 職業道德和敬業精神的性質似乎是有問題，並在來自四面八方的攻擊. 請問塊新機器人提供相同的專業知識和多元智能，我們從人的專家預計，? 有什麼可以做，以保持和加強我們的專業素質?
Today we begin a three-part blog mini-series on this topic with one of 全球搜索教育的 most popular contributors, 霍華德·加德納教授. In the course of our series, Howard will discuss how all the professions and, in particular education, are affected by our rapidly changing world. He will also share his recommended steps on becoming a professional ethicist.
霍華德·加德納獲得多項榮譽一生中, 包括麥克阿瑟獎獎學金. He has honorary degrees from universities around the globe, 並先後被評為一 100 最有影響力的知識分子外交政策與展望雜誌為他的研究工作，探索多元智能理論的. 他所領導的GoodWork™項目, 大規模的努力，以確定例證良好的工作的個人和機構.
在第一部分 1 of our three-part mini blog series, Howard will discuss why he decided to start a blog about ethics in the professional world and how he thinks ethics is being undermined today.
霍華德, why a blog called “The Professional Ethicist”?
首先, 凱茜, the title harbors a triple pun. 首先, I don’t believe that there are such things as professional ethicists, except perhaps for the occasional philosopher. But I, along with many others, have been writing about the ethics entailed in various professions, from engineering to education. While it has improved recently, I have long been disappointed with the quality of the weekly New York Times column called “The Ethicist”. One day last year I experienced one of those A-ha moments: “I can do it better!
凱茜, to turn serious, I believe that the range of professions – from architecture to veterinary medicine, from education to the ministry, are vital and precious human inventions. At the core of each of these professions is a set of values that encompass integrity, 服務, and dis-interestedness, striving to do what is right independent of personal gain or loss. Sometimes the value is distinctly personal, 例如, teachers have obligations to each of their students. At other times, the value veers toward the universal, 例如, journalists have an obligation to pursue the truth, fairly and fearlessly.
唉, 我看到職業的範圍, here in the United States and abroad, 嚴重壓力之下, because of both internal and external forces. In launching my blog, I hope to explore the reasons for these pressures and the optimal means of dealing with them, thereby strengthening both the range and the quality of professions.
Do you think that robots with artificial intelligence could ultimately provide the expertise and multiple intelligences that we need from human experts?
It’s already clear that artificial intelligence can provide information that we used to secure from experts or that we had to look up ourselves. Just think about Siri, Encore, and the power of many other search engines. There is every reason to believe that these systems will continue to get ‘more intelligent’. As I am writing, 最好的 “走” player in the world is struggling to compete successfully with a newly developed computational system.
I think we need to separate three issues. Firstly does the system reach its ‘answers’ in the same way that human beings do? This is the difference between ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘human simulation. Secondly does the system manifest its intelligence? 對於我們許多人, there’s a big difference between typing a question on our pad, as opposed to conversing with a robot or avatar. The more that the robot resembles a human being, the more satisfying it will be to many individuals, although not to me! Thirdly can the computational system provide a recommended course of action that is as solid, or even more solid, than a well-trained professional? In a way that the client finds satisfying? For the foreseeable future (say a decade or two), I think that the answer is no. But I would add that for individuals who cannot afford to consult a professional, or for whom no professional is available, an artificial system will typically be much better than the recommendations of a friend or than common sense – which is all too often common non-sense.
Very interesting and so back to your blog. I believe you launched it last September?
是的, I began my blog in a very quiet way. After writing half a dozen blogs, I wrote a major essay on the future of the professions (大約 5000 話), posted it in early December, and sent it to two dozen colleagues. I was surprised and elated by the range and depth of the responses – both the 40 or so that have been posted and several that were sent privately. Contributors educated me about the similarities and differences between medieval guilds and modern professions; the undue power and secrecy of certain professional organizations; the different statuses and profiles of professions across Europe and Asia.
看 http://www.thegoodproject.org/is-there-a-future-for-the-professions-an-interim-verdict/
開始, I had planned to write a single blog in response. But so many vital issues were brought up that I am posting ten separate blogs in the coming months.
Why do you think the ethical foundations of all professions are being undermined?
The full range of professions are vulnerable because of three major factors. 首先, a smugness that the value of professions is self-evident and can therefore be taken for granted. 其次, the power of the marketplace which has induced many professionals across the professional landscape to chase the highest income rather than preserving the core of expert service; 最後, the digital media, which holds the promise – or the threat – of replacing many, if not most tasks formerly carried out by professionals.
Taken together, these three forces would suffice to destroy the professions. 進一步, it isn’t clear what entities/institutions/vocations could or would take their place. We could find ourselves without an investigative press; without fair-minded judges; without physicians who prescribe what is appropriate to each patient. These outcomes would be disastrous.
Join us next week for Part 2 的 在專業倫理學家的搜索, in which Howard Gardner will focus on Ethics in Education.
(所有照片均由 Shutterstock 和 CMRubinWorld 提供)
和我一樣，全球知名的思想領袖，包括邁克爾·巴伯爵士 (英國), 博士. 邁克爾座 (美國), 博士. 萊昂特司特因 (美國), 克萊克里斯坦森教授 (美國), 博士. 琳達·達林 - 哈蒙德 (美國), 博士. MadhavChavan (印度), 邁克爾·富蘭教授 (加拿大), 霍華德·加德納教授 (美國), 安迪·哈格里夫斯教授 (美國), 伊馮娜赫爾曼教授 (荷蘭), 克里斯汀Helstad教授 (挪威), 讓·亨德里克森 (美國), 玫瑰Hipkins教授 (新西蘭), 科妮莉亞Hoogland教授 (加拿大), 這位傑夫·約翰遜 (加拿大), 太太. 尚塔爾考夫曼 (比利時), 博士. EijaKauppinen (芬蘭), 國務秘書TapioKosunen (芬蘭), 多米尼克·拉方丹教授 (比利時), 休·勞德教授 (英國), 主肯麥克唐納 (英國), 傑夫大師教授 (澳大利亞), 巴里McGaw教授 (澳大利亞), 希夫納達爾 (印度), Ř教授. 納塔拉詹 (印度), 博士. 吳PAK (新加坡), 博士. 丹尼斯教皇 (美國), 斯瑞達拉賈戈帕蘭 (印度), 博士. 黛安·拉維奇 (美國), 理查德·威爾遜·賴利 (美國), 肯·羅賓遜爵士 (英國), 帕西SAHLBERG教授 (芬蘭), 押尾佐藤教授 (日本), 安德烈亞斯·施萊歇 (PISA, 經合組織), 博士. 安東尼·塞爾頓 (英國), 博士. 大衛·謝弗 (美國), 博士. 基爾斯滕都沉浸式 (挪威), 總理斯蒂芬·SPAHN (美國), 伊夫Theze (LyceeFrancais美國), 查爾斯Ungerleider教授 (加拿大), 托尼·瓦格納教授 (美國), 大衛·沃森爵士 (英國), 迪倫Wiliam教授 (英國), 博士. 馬克沃莫爾德 (英國), 西奧Wubbels教授 (荷蘭), 邁克爾·楊教授 (英國), 和張民選教授 (中國) 因為他們探索所有國家今天面臨的大畫面的教育問題.
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ç. M. 魯賓是兩個廣為傳誦的在線系列，她接受了筆者 2011 厄普頓·辛克萊獎, “全球搜索教育” 和 “我們將如何閱讀?” 她也是三本暢銷書, 其中 真正的愛麗絲夢遊仙境, 是的發行 CMRubinWorld, 而且是干擾物基金會研究員.
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