Educated women with financial backing, technology and connections can contribute to their economies and further the growth of their societies just as efficiently and successfully as men. Yet discrimination against women burdens our world in so many devastating ways. Sesenta y seis millones de niñas van a la escuela en todo el mundo. Las niñas son las víctimas de la 80 ciento of all human trafficking crimes. Las niñas y las mujeres son las víctimas de la 75 ciento of the AIDS cases in Sub-Saharan Africa, la región más afectada por esta enfermedad. One hundred and fifty million girls are victims of sexual violence in a single year and 50 percent of all the sexual assaults in the world are against girls under 15. Fourteen million girls under 18 se casó este año y, trágicamente, the number one cause of death for girls 15 – 19 es childbirth.
A principios de este año en el cuarto Simposio Verde Templeton Emerging Markets Colegio de la Universidad de Oxford, world authorities on the various forms of gender discrimination and inequality shared their views, incluyendo a Sir George Alleyne, Sir David Watson, Gobernador Madeleine Kunin, Meg Jones, Linda de Scott, Jane McAuliffe, Suman Bery, Dian Gomes, Mary Elizabeth King, Jeni Klugman e Ian Scott,. They agreed to continue the conversation with me in my series about gender equality.
What significant movements or endeavors are underway from women themselves to correct the situation? How is technology helping women’s plight? What effective steps have been taken to educate girls and boys on the AIDS issue? What can private firms and corporations do to promote women’s equality in the workplace and in society? What roles are international lenders and western customers of emerging nation’s goods and services playing in accelerating the process to end gender inequality? Para explorar respuestas a éstas y otras preguntas de la Parte 3 de “Mujeres,” I connected with Mary King (Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies, University for Peace), Sir George Alleyne, (Chancellor of the University of the West Indies and former UN Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean), Dian Gomes (Group Director, MAS Holdings), Linda de Scott (DP World Chair for Entrepreneurship and Innovation Said Business School, Universidad de Oxford) and Meg Jones (Women and Trade Program Manager, Centro de Comercio Internacional).
Mary King: What role can the women themselves in emerging markets play in accelerating the steps to bring about gender equality? What significant movements or endeavors are underway from women themselves, such as the civil rights movement in the US, the movement to end apartheid in South Africa, and the women’s suffrage movement in the US?
Mary King: Women know that no country in the world has solved the problem of gender inequity and they are not passively waiting for parliaments or governments to take initiative. Working usually within civil society, women have historically fought fights for others and in so doing become effective proponents for their own uplift. Rarely is it acknowledged that their self-liberation efforts have benefited entire societies.
Protesting is simple. More important is the ability to organize, something that many nation-states wish to repress. Yet social movements originated many of the 20th century’s human rights laws and international conventions, and played major roles in ending the slave trade in the 19th century. Most women’s activism has historically been nonviolent direct action, which only shows signs of strengthening in the 21st century. Hoy, women’s movements are mobilizing with strong support from men, holding greater promise that gender equity can be achieved.
In Zimbabwe, por ejemplo, the Musasa Project (named for an umbrella-shaped tree) gives psycho-social support to victims of gender-based violence including rape, while the Doors of Hope Trust is a support group consisting of and founded by women victims of rape. Mientras tanto, the Padare/Enkundleni Men’s Gender Forum involves male rock stars and media celebrities to challenge maltreatment of women as part of manhood. In Egypt, where sexual aggression against women rebounded like coiled serpents after the revolution in Tahrir Square, la “Tahrir Body Guards” are men who stand guard for women, due to uncertainty of police protection. Worldwide, women are fighting systemic violence against women, seeking to end the patriarchal impunity routinely accorded for sexual assault, atrocities, and murder of women. Some campaigns seek parallel justice, acknowledging that there are differences between a just outcome for the raped as opposed to punishment for perpetrators of sexual crime. Others seek an end to the practice of dowry, closely linked to female infanticide. Local movements are pressing for a village-by-village end to female genital mutilation.
En Siria, anyone can report molestation of women to an international NGO called “Women under Siege.” The Women’s Media Center has a reporting project on rape as a weapon of war. En efecto, transculturally, women’s organizations make abundant use of networks and networking. Mapping of harassment sites as warnings is underway in cities from Manhattan to Cairo. Zones free from rape or child marriage are being formed. Just as school-age children led the Children’s Crusade in Birmingham, Alabama, en 1963, schoolchildren in Africa and Asia are organizing for elimination of child labor, trafficking of children, and child marriage.
Linda de Scott: What recommendations would you make for using technology to help women’s plight? What major initiatives are currently underway?
Linda de Scott: There are major programs underway, such as the distance mentoring platforms for entrepreneurs administered by the Cherie Blair Foundation for Women and the women’s business registration effort conducted online by WEConnect. I would caution, sin embargo, that people in the wealthier nations make too many assumptions about the availability of technology to women in the less developed countries. En muchos casos, it is only elite women who have frequent access to computers or internet. Often bandwidth, even in the cities, is very limited. Mobile telephony has much greater reach, but often the signal is insufficient for more than texting and voice. And the GSMA has demonstrated that women are much less likely to have access to mobile phones than men. My guess is that the biggest effect of technology will not be business-training programs and that kind of thing, but will be the way that these devices can connect women to each other and to the wider world — and do so in a way that those who would keep them subordinated cannot see.
Sir George Alleyne: Why are gender equality issues important in the fight against HIV/AIDS?
Sir George Alleyne: One of the issues that has concerned us in the Caribbean is the rising prevalence of HIV in girls. Many of us have considered that this is another expression of gender inequality that exists. En otras palabras, the unequal relationships between men and women make it difficult for young girls to discuss sex in an environment like this. Sex should be a consensual activity, thus it should be possible for either partner to discuss whether or not to have sex. That is contributing to the HIV infection in young girls. It is not that young boys are unaffected but the figures in young girls are of concern to us.
What effective steps have you seen to educate girls and boys on the AIDS issue?
Sir George Alleyne: There are many programs in the Caribbean. There is a Family Life education program which has been in place for several years instructing both boys and girls about their relative worth, instructing them about some of the basics in sexual practices and gender relationships. So this has been rolled out in many of the schools in the Caribbean to address the issues of HIV and gender relationships in general.
Dian Gomes: What can private firms and corporations (national and international) do to promote women’s equality in the workplace and in society?
Dian Gomes: This should be both strategic and transactional, ranging from using the organization’s span of influence to lobby policy changes at state or industrial sector level, to a more controllable area of the organization and associated communities.
Traditionally rooted in bigotry and patriarchy, and tolerated to varying degrees, gender inequality results in a gender gap that is a waste of female human capital in labor markets. Organizations need to identify and address passive tolerance of systems that deny women equal participation for career aspirations in the workplace, whilst understanding the cultural and social barriers which prevent their labor participation.
The critical element to be addressed remains the role of the woman in society – primarily as a care-giver, mother and home-maker and how this is balanced with her professional aspirations. MAS Holdings’ pioneering MAS Women Go Beyond program is a case-study of how our organization continues to work towards empowerment in the workplace and beyond. Organizations, especially with a large female workforce, have to think holistically and proactively about attracting, atractivo, developing and retaining women in the workplace, rather than offering reactive or temporary solutions.
This starts with a genuine commitment to changing the status quo and ownership from the top to support gender equality.
Meg Jones: What role can international lenders and western customers of emerging nation’s goods and services play in accelerating the process to end gender inequality? ¿Qué ejemplos de acciones exitosas has visto? ¿Qué tipo de coordinación ha visto entre los gobiernos y los prestamistas y clientes clave para lograr el cambio?
Meg Jones: Trade is linked to development through the economic empowerment of women. Por un lado, women constitute the majority of the poor; Por otra parte, women spend up to 90% on the family, on the health and education of children, which in turn breaks intergenerational poverty. Por lo tanto, if we want to impact poverty, we need to increase women’s earnings. International trade is a domain in which a growing number of women are succeeding. It is a viable alternative in developing and emerging economies where paid employment for women is scarce, and where many women entrepreneurs are engaged in the same sector — where competing with each other drives down price. At the International Trade Centre (ITC), we have pioneered a collaborative model with partners like Vital Voices, WEConnect, International Women’s Coffee Alliance and the United Nations Global Compact, that has helped women business owners in developing countries sell $20 million in goods and services in two years. It is the Global Platform for Action on Sourcing from Women Vendors that is a way forward in linking buyers, sellers and institutions like ITC that help build sellers’ capacity to meet buyers’ requirements. Cada vez más, ITC is working with governments as well as corporations interested in targeting spending to source from women entrepreneurs. Governments are the largest buyers in many markets in which we work, as a UN entity. This is the exciting new frontier: the more governments interact with women suppliers, the better their understanding of what needs to change in the business environment to support women entrepreneurs to succeed. And it is the government, después de todo, that is responsible for policy.
Para más artículos en la serie Mujeres: parte 1, parte 2, parte 4 – Egipto
Photos courtesy of Tatiana Philiptchenko, United Nations and Women Go Beyond – MAS Holdings and Jessica Obeid, Cherie Blair Foundation for Women.
En La Búsqueda Global para la Educación, unirse a mí y reconocidos a nivel mundial los líderes de opinión, incluyendo a Sir Michael Barber (Reino Unido), DR. Michael Bloquear (EE.UU.), DR. Leon Botstein (EE.UU.), Profesor Clay Christensen (EE.UU.), DR. Linda Darling-Hammond (EE.UU.), DR. Madhav Chavan (India), El profesor Michael Fullan (Canada), El profesor Howard Gardner (EE.UU.), El profesor Andy Hargreaves (EE.UU.), Profesor Yvonne Hellman (Países Bajos), Profesor Kristin Helstad (Noruega), Jean Hendrickson (EE.UU.), Profesor Rose Hipkins (Nueva Zelanda), Profesor Cornelia Hoogland (Canada), Honorable Jeff Johnson (Canada), Señora. Chantal Kaufmann (Bélgica), DR. Eija Kauppinen (Finlandia), Secretario de Estado Tapio Kosunen (Finlandia), Profesor Dominique Lafontaine (Bélgica), El profesor Hugh Lauder (Reino Unido), Profesor Ben Levin (Canada), Señor Ken Macdonald (Reino Unido), Profesor Barry McGaw (Australia), Shiv Nadar (India), Profesor R. Natarajan (India), DR. PAK NG (Singapur), DR. Denise Papa (Estados Unidos), Sridhar Rajagopalan (India), DR. Diane Ravitch (EE.UU.), Richard Wilson Riley (EE.UU.), Sir Ken Robinson (Reino Unido), Profesor Pasi Sahlberg (Finlandia), Andreas Schleicher (PISA, OCDE), DR. Anthony Seldon (Reino Unido), DR. David Shaffer (EE.UU.), DR. Kirsten Immersive Are (Noruega), Canciller Stephen Spahn (EE.UU.), Yves Theze (Lycee Francais EE.UU.), Profesor Charles Ungerleider (Canada), Profesor Tony Wagner (EE.UU.), Sir David Watson (Reino Unido), Profesor Dylan Wiliam (Reino Unido), DR. Marcos Wormald (Reino Unido), Profesor Theo Wubbels (Países Bajos), El profesor Michael Young (Reino Unido), y el profesor Zhang Minxuan (De China) a medida que exploran las cuestiones de educación cuadro grande que todas las naciones se enfrentan hoy. La Búsqueda Global para la Educación Comunitaria Página
C. M. Rubin es el autor de dos ampliamente leído serie en línea por la que recibió un 2011 Premio Upton Sinclair, “La Búsqueda Global para la Educación” y “¿Cómo vamos a Leer?” Ella es también el autor de tres libros más vendidos, Incluido The Real Alice in Wonderland.
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